Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), a complex group of cancers affecting the lymphatic system, Causes and associations of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma presents a significant public health concern worldwide. In order to further our understanding and promote early detection and treatment, it is crucial to explore the causes and associations of this disease.
What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma?
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies that originate in the lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell integral to our immune system. Its incidence varies across different geographic regions, reflecting its complex etiology. With an ever-increasing number of cases, understanding the risk factors, causes, and associations can facilitate targeted prevention and early intervention strategies.
Potential Causes and Risk Factors of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
While the exact causes of NHL remain unknown, numerous risk factors and associations have been identified, adding layers of complexity to its understanding.
Age
Older adults, particularly those aged 60 and above, face a higher risk of developing NHL. This can be attributed to the cumulative effects of various environmental exposures and immunological changes associated with aging.
Immune System Deficiencies
People with weakened immune systems, due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS or those on immunosuppressive drugs following organ transplants, Causes and associations of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma are at a significantly increased risk. This is because a healthy immune system is capable of identifying and destroying abnormal cells, preventing them from proliferating into cancer.
Autoimmune Diseases
Certain autoimmune diseases, including Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sjogren’s Syndrome, increase NHL risk. This might be due to chronic inflammation or the overactive immune response itself, which can lead to lymphocyte mutations.
Infections
Infections like Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Hepatitis C, and certain bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori have been linked with increased risk of NHL. These pathogens may trigger chronic inflammation or interfere with DNA repair mechanisms, promoting malignant transformation. It manifests symptoms like sore throat, but the results are scary.
Chemical Exposures
Exposure to certain chemicals such as pesticides, solvents, and fertilizers, particularly in occupational settings, has been associated with a higher risk of NHL. These chemicals may alter DNA within lymphocytes, leading to malignancy.
Genetic Factors
A family history of NHL or other hematologic malignancies suggests a possible genetic predisposition. Some genetic syndromes, such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome, also increase NHL risk.
Lifestyle Associations with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
While the above factors contribute to the risk, certain lifestyle factors can also influence one’s susceptibility to NHL.
Obesity and Diet
A link has been suggested between obesity, diet rich in meats and fats, and increased NHL risk, potentially due to inflammation and hormonal changes. On the contrary, diets rich in vegetables and fruits may offer a protective effect.
Smoking and Alcohol Consumption
While the association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and NHL is less clear-cut compared to other cancers, some studies suggest a moderate increase in risk, particularly for certain subtypes of NHL.
Physical Activity
Regular physical activity may decrease the risk of NHL by enhancing immune function, reducing inflammation, and assisting in weight control.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of a healthcare professional with any questions you may have.
References:
- Morton, L. M., Slager, S. L., Cerhan, J. R., Wang, S. S., Vajdic, C. M., Skibola, C. F., … & Severson, R. K. (2014). Etiologic heterogeneity among non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes: the InterLymph Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Subtypes Project. Journal of the National Cancer Institute: Monographs, 2014(48), 130-144.
- Skibola, C. F. (2007). Obesity, diet and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 16(3), 392-395.
- Teras, L. R., Gapstur, S. M., Diver, W. R., Birmann, B. M., Patel, A. V., & Chiu, B. C. H. (2016). Recreational physical activity, leisure sitting time and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Cohort. International journal of cancer, 139(3), 532-544.
- Chang, E. T., & Smedby, K. E. (2018). Challenges and future directions in epidemiologic research on non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Current Epidemiology Reports, 5(1), 1-11.
Read Tanzir Islam Britto’s post-Treatment of Lymphoma: an approach to fighting lymphoma
